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September 6 Introduction
September 13 The impact of World War II. Reconstruction in Europe versus planning
in the U.S. The American Century. The New Monumentality
Film viewing:
Roberto Rossellini, Germany, Year Zero (1947)
Required reading:
Joan Ockman, Introduction to Architecture Culture 1943-1968
José Luis Sert, Fernand Léger, Sigfried Giedion, "Nine Points
on Monumentality" (1943)
Louis Kahn, "Monumentality" (1944)
Robert Moses, "Mr. Moses Dissects the Long-Haired Planners" (1944)
Marcel Lods, "Return from America" (1946)
R. Buckminster Fuller, "Designing a New Industry" (1946)
J. J. P. Oud, "Mr. Oud Replies" (1947)
September 20 The 1940s continued. Regionalism. The New Humanism. Postwar CIAM
Required reading:
Sven Backström, "A Swede Looks at Sweden" (1943)
Le Corbusier, "Ineffable Space" (1945)
APAO, "Constitution of the Association for Organic Architecture in Rome"
(1945)
Ernesto Nathan Rogers, "Program: Domus, the House of Man" (1946)
CIAM 6, Bridgwater, "Reaffirmation of the Aims of CIAM" (1947)
Lewis Mumford, "The Skyline [Bay Region Style]" (1947)
I. de Wolfe, "Townscape: A Plea for an English Visual Philosophy"
(1949)
Alvar Aalto, "The Architect's Conscience" (1957)
September 27 Student presentations: architecture of the 1940s
October 4 Into the 1950s. The Cold War. The postwar International Style. European
recovery
Film viewing:
Vittorio de Sica, Miracle in Milan (1951)
Required reading:
Henry-Russell Hitchcock, "The Architecture of Bureaucracy and the Architecture
of Genius" (1947) [HO]
Helena Syrkus, "[Art Belongs to the People]" (1949)
German Democratic Republic, "Sixteen Principles for the Restructuring of
Cities" (1950)
CIAM 8, Hoddesdon, "Summary of Needs at the Core" (1951)
Henry-Russell Hitchcock, "The International Style Twenty Years After"
(1951)
Matthew Nowicki, "Origins and Trends in Modern Architecture" (1951)
Joseph Barry, "Report on the American Battle between Good and Bad Modern
Houses" and Elizabeth Gordon, "The Threat to the Next America"
(1953) [HO]
Nikita Khrushchev, "Remove Shortcomings in Design, Improve Work of Architects"
(1954)
October 11 The 1950s continued. The new domestic landscape: suburbs and highways.
"Good Design" and consumer culture. The impact of mass media and TV
Required reading:
Victor Gruen, "Cityscape and Landscape" (1955)
Alison and Peter Smithson, "But Today We Collect Ads" (1956)
John McHale, "Machine Made America" (1957)
David Riesman, "The Suburban Dislocation" (1957) [HO]
Richard Neutra, "Human Setting in an Industrial Civilization" (1958)
October 18 The 1950s continued. The emerging critique of modernism. Formalism.
The return of history. Postwar architectural education. The emergence of Team
X out of CIAM. The New Brutalism
Required reading:
Joseph Hudnut, "The Post-Modern House" (1945)
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, "New Education-Organic Approach" (1946)
Max Bill, "Education and Design" (1952)
Walter Gropius, "Eight Steps toward a Solid Architecture" (1954)
Jacob Bakema, Aldo van Eyck, Peter Smithson, et al., "Doorn Manifesto"
(1954)
Philip Johnson, "The Seven Crutches of Modern Architecture" (1955)
Colin Rowe and Robert Slutzky, "Transparency (Part 2)" (1956)
Alison and Peter Smithson, "The New Brutalism" (1957)
James Stirling, "Regionalism and Modern Architecture" (1957)
Louis Kahn, "Architecture Is the Thoughtful Making of Spaces" (1957)
Tomás Maldonado, "New Developments in Industry and the Training
of the Designer" (1958)
Ernesto Rogers, "The Evolution of Architecture: Reply to the Custodian
of Frigidaires" (1959)
Aldo van Eyck, "Steps toward a Configurative Discipline" (1962)
October 25 Student presentations: architecture of the 1950s
November 1 Into the 1960s. Megalopolis, megastructures, Metabolism. Systems
approaches and structuralism. Postcolonialism and the global village
Film viewing:
Jacques Tati, Playtime (1967), or J-L Godard, Two or Three Things I Know About
Her (1966)
Required reading:
Yona Friedman, "Program of Mobile Urbanism" (1958)
Kevin Lynch, from The Image of the City (1960) [LR]
Fumihiko Maki and Masato Ohtaka, "Toward Group Form" (1960)
Kenzo Tange, "A Plan for Tokyo, 1960: Toward a Structural Reorganization"
(1961)
Bernard Rudofsky, Architecture without Architects (1964) [LR]
Marshall McLuhan, "The Medium Is the Message" (1964) [HO]
Christopher Alexander, "A City Is Not a Tree (Part 2)" (1965)
Reyner Banham, "A Home Is Not a House" (1965)
Arata Isozaki, "Invisible City" (1966)
Hassan Fathy, from Architecture for the Poor (1969) [LR]
November 8 The 1960s continued. Social protest and the rise of a counterculture.
The new avant-garde: Situationists, Archigram, Superstudio. '68
Required reading:
Gilles Ivain [Ivan Chtcheglov], "Formulary for a New Urbanism" (1953)
Asger Jorn, "Arguments apropos of the International Movement for an Imaginist
Bauhaus" (1954)
Constant, "The Great Game to Come" (1959)
Jane Jacobs, from The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)
Peter Cook, "'Zoom' and Real Architecture" (1964)
Henri Lefebvre, "The Right to the City" (1967)
Superstudio, "Invention Design and Evasion Design" (1967)
Paul Davidoff, "Democratic Planning" (1967)
Strike Committee, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, "Motion of May 15" (1968)
Hans Hollein, "Everything Is Architecture" (1968)
November 15 The 1960s continued. The Venice School's critique of ideology.
From structuralism to poststructuralism. The inception of postmodernism
Required reading:
Robert Venturi, "Nonstraightforward Architecture: A Gentle Manifesto"
(1965)
Aldo Rossi, from The Architecture of the City (1966)
Roland Barthes, "Semiology and Urbanism" (1967)
Michel Foucault, "Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias" (1967)
Denise Scott Brown and Robert Venturi, "On Ducks and Decoration" (1968)
Manfredo Tafuri, Introduction to Theories and History of Architecture (1968)
Five Architects: Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, Meier (1972) [LR]
Manfredo Tafuri, "L'Architecture dans le Boudoir: The Language of Criticism
and the Criticism of Language" (1974) [HO]
Fredric Jameson, "Periodizing the Sixties" (1984) [HO]
November 22 [Thanksgiving]
November 29 Student presentations: architecture of the 1960s
December 14 Term papers due
Note All required readings are in Joan Ockman, ed., Architecture Culture 1943-1968:
A Documentary Anthology unless indicated as handout article [HO] or library
reserve book [LR]
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